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Java has two exception families:

Checked exceptions extend Exception (but not RuntimeException). The compiler forces you to declare or catch them. Examples: IOException, SQLException.

Unchecked exceptions extend RuntimeException. No compiler enforcement. Examples: NullPointerException, IllegalArgumentException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.

try {
    int n = Integer.parseInt(input);
    return doSomething(n);
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
    return -1;
} catch (RuntimeException e) {
    log(e);
    throw e;          // re-throw
} finally {
    cleanup();        // always runs
}

Multi-catch:

try { ... }
catch (IOException | SQLException e) {
    log(e);
}

throws in method signature — for checked exceptions:

String readFile(Path p) throws IOException {
    return Files.readString(p);
}

try-with-resources auto-closes anything that implements AutoCloseable:

try (BufferedReader br = Files.newBufferedReader(p)) {
    return br.readLine();
}

Custom exceptions:

class ValidationException extends RuntimeException {
    public ValidationException(String msg) { super(msg); }
}